| Fort Madison, Iowa | |
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| — City — | |
| Downtown Fort Madison, 2007 | |
| Location of Fort Madison, Iowa | |
| Coordinates: | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Lee |
| Area | |
| • Total | 13.0 sq mi (33.5 km2) |
| • Land | 9.2 sq mi (23.9 km2) |
| • Water | 3.7 sq mi (9.7 km2) |
| Elevation | 528 ft (161 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| • Total | 10,715 |
| • Density | 1,162.9/sq mi (449.0/km2) |
| Time zone | Central (CST) (UTC-6) |
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) |
| ZIP code | 52627 |
| Area code(s) | 319 |
| FIPS code | 19-28605 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0456689 |
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Old Fort Madison Site
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Monument marking the location of Fort Madison.
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| Nearest city: | Fort Madison, Iowa |
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| Built: | 1808 |
| Governing body: | State |
| NRHP Reference#: |
73000734 [1] |
| Added to NRHP: | May 07, 1973 |
Fort Madison, situated on the Mississippi River, is a city in and one of the county seats of Lee County, Iowa, United States.[2] The other county seat is Keokuk. The population was 10,715 at the 2000 census. Fort Madison and Keokuk are principal cities of the Fort Madison–Keokuk Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lee County, Iowa, and Clark County, Missouri.
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Fort Madison was the location of the first U.S. military fort in the upper Mississippi region; a replica of the fort stands along the river.[3] Sheaffer Pens were developed and made in Fort Madison for many years. The city is the location of the Iowa State Penitentiary—the state's maximum security prison for men. Fort Madison is the Mississippi river crossing and station stop for Amtrak's Southwest Chief. Fort Madison has the last remaining double swing-span bridge on the Mississippi River, the Fort Madison Toll Bridge. It has a top level for cars and a bottom level for trains; it is also the world's largest [1]. The Fort Madison Downtown Commercial Historic District is a collection of well-preserved historic storefronts from the late 19th century.
The city of Fort Madison was established around the site of the historic Fort Madison (1808–1813), which was the first permanent U.S. military fortification on the Upper Mississippi. Fort Madison was the site of Black Hawk’s first battle against U.S. troops, the only real War of 1812 battle fought west of the Mississippi. It was also the location of the first U.S. military cemetery in the upper Midwest.[4]
Fort Madison was one of three posts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories. Fort Madison was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. The other two posts were Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis, which controlled the mouth of the Missouri, and Fort Osage, near what is now Kansas City, which controlled trade with western Native American tribes.[5]
A disputed 1804 treaty with the Sauk and affiliated tribes led to the U.S. claim of control over western Illinois and parts of what is now Iowa. To establish control, the U.S. Army set out to construct a post near the mouth of the Des Moines River, a major trading route into the interior of Iowa. Not finding suitable land near the mouth of the Des Moines, the expedition also considered land near Quashquame’s Sauk and Meskwaki village at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, a choke point of trade and transportation on the Upper Mississippi below modern Montrose. Again, this land was not considered suitable for a fort. The Army settled on a location several miles upstream at what is now the city of Fort Madison.[6]
First called Fort Belleview, this post was soon deemed inadequate. It was poorly situated at the base of a bluff next to a deep ravine, areas from which enemies could safely fire at the fort. Trade led to resentment among Indians, especially the Sauk; the 1804 treaty was considered invalid by the Sauk, the fort threatened established trading networks, and American trade goods were considered inferior to French or British goods.[7]
Black Hawk lamented over the new fort, and disparaged its construction in his autobiography:
A number of people immediately went down to see what was going on, myself among them. On our arrival we found that they were building a fort. The soldiers were busily engaged in cutting timber, and I observed that they took their arms with them when they went to the woods. The whole party acted as they would do in an enemy's country. The chiefs held a council with the officers, or head men of the party, which I did not attend, but understood from them that the war chief had said that they were building homes for a trader who was coming there to live, and would sell us goods very cheap, and that the soldiers were to remain to keep him company. We were pleased at this information ad hoped that it was all true, but we were not so credulous as to believe that all these buildings were intended merely for the accommodation of a trader. Being distrustful of their intentions, we were anxious for them to leave off building and go back down the river.
—Black Hawk, Autobiography (1882)
Almost from the beginning, the fort was attacked by Sauk and other tribes. U.S. troops were harassed when they left the fort, and in April 1809 an attempted storming of the fort was stopped only by threat of cannon fire.[8]
During its existence, several improvements were made to the fort, including reinforcing the stockade and making it higher, extending the fort to a nearby bluff to provide cover from below, and constructing of additional blockhouses outside the stockade. These improvements could not fully compensate for the poor location of the fort, however, and it was again attacked in March 1812, and was the focus of a coordinated siege in the following September. The September siege was intense, and the fort was nearly overrun. Significant damage resulted to fort-related buildings, and the attack was only stopped when cannon fire destroyed a fortified Indian position.[9] Black Hawk participated in the siege, and claimed to have personally shot the fort’s flag down.[10]
As the War of 1812 expanded to the frontier, British-allied Sauk and other tribes began a determined effort to push out the Americans and reclaim control of the upper Mississippi. Beginning in July 1813, attacks on troops outside the fort led to another siege. Conditions were so dangerous that the bodies of soldiers killed outside the fort could not be recovered, and troops could not leave the fort to collect firewood. Outbuildings were intentionally burned by the Army to prevent them from falling into Indian hands.[11]
After weeks of paralyzing siege, the Army finally abandoned the post, burning it as they evacuated. They retreated in the dark through a trench to the river, where they escaped on boats. The date of the abandonment is unknown, as much of the military correspondence from this period of the war is missing, but it probably happened in September.[11] Black Hawk observed the ruins soon after. “We started in canoes, and descended the Mississippi, until we arrived near the place where Fort Madison had stood. It had been abandoned and burned by the whites, and nothing remained but the chimneys. We were pleased to see that the white people had retired from the country.”[10]
Three active battalions of the current 3rd Infantry (1-3 Inf, 2-3 Inf and 4-3 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of the old 1st Infantry Regiment, which had a detachment at Fort Madison.
Early settlers built their homes near the ruins, and the town of that grew up around them was named for the fort. A large monument was erected in the early 20th century at the fort location. Archaeological excavations in the parking lot of the Sheaffer Pen Company factory in 1965 exposed the central blockhouse of the fort, as well as the foundations of officers’ quarters.[12] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[13] A replica fort was built several blocks away; much of the labor was supplied by volunteer inmates at the nearby Iowa State Penitentiary.[3]
The fort site is now the subject of preservation efforts. After the Sheaffer Pen factory closed in 2007, the site was sold to developers. Arguing that Fort Madison is “Iowa’s most important historical site”, preservationists want to convert the parking lot into a memorial park dedicated to soldiers killed at the fort. So far, no agreement has been reached for its preservation.[14][15][16]
The City of Fort Madison is located at (40.628588, -91.339005)[17].
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.9 square miles (33 km2), of which 9.2 square miles (24 km2) is land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) (28.88%) is water.
Fort Madison is famous for the Tri-State Rodeo and the Mexican Fiesta.
| Historical populations | |||
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| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 1,509 |
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| 1860 | 2,886 | 91.3% | |
| 1870 | 4,011 | 39.0% | |
| 1880 | 4,679 | 16.7% | |
| 1890 | 7,901 | 68.9% | |
| 1900 | 9,278 | 17.4% | |
| 1910 | 8,900 | −4.1% | |
| 1920 | 12,066 | 35.6% | |
| 1930 | 13,779 | 14.2% | |
| 1940 | 14,063 | 2.1% | |
| 1950 | 14,954 | 6.3% | |
| 1960 | 15,247 | 2.0% | |
| 1970 | 13,996 | −8.2% | |
| 1980 | 13,520 | −3.4% | |
| 1990 | 11,618 | −14.1% | |
| 2000 | 10,715 | −7.8% | |
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At the 2000 census[18], there were 10,715 people, 4,617 households and 2,876 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,162.9 per square mile (449.2/km²). There were 5,106 housing units at an average density of 554.2 per square mile (214.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.64% White, 2.67% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 2.36% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% of the population.
There were 4,617 households of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.87.
Age distribution was 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.
The median household income was $34,318, and the median family income was $42,067. Males had a median income of $32,530 versus $21,170 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,124. About 9.8% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.
Fort Madison is governed by the Mayor with city council system. The city council consists of seven members. Five are elected from individual wards two are elected at large. The mayor and city clerk are elected in a citywide vote.
Fort Madison has a campus of Southeastern Community College (Iowa). There are also two elementary (Richardson, Lincoln), one middle (Fort Madison Middle School) and one high school (Fort Madison High School) in the Fort Madison Community School District (public). There is also the Holy Trinity Catholic School System, with a junior/senior high school in Fort Madison and an elementary school a few miles away in West Point, Iowa.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, serves Fort Madison, operating its Southwest Chief daily in each direction between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California.
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